A satellite is an object that orbits another object. For example, the Earth is a satellite of the sun and the Earth’s satellite. The communications satellite is also a station for repeating waves in the space used for communications, radio, and television signals. It processes the data received from one earth station, converts the data to another model, and sends it to the second earth station.
– How does the satellite work?
Two stations on the ground want to connect over a wireless connection but are far from using traditional means. The two stations can use a broadcast station to communicate between them. One earth station transmits the signal to the satellite.
The uplink frequency is the frequency at which the earth station connects to the satellite. The transmitter and receiver convert the signal and sends it to the second earth station, this is called the downlink frequency. The second earth station also connects to the first station in the same way.
– Basics of Satellite Communications:
Satellite communication begins at an earth station. This fix is designed to send and receive signals from it and into orbit around the Earth. Earth stations transmit information to satellites in the form of high-energy (GHz) signals.
Satellites receive signals and retransmit them to Earth, where they are received by other earth stations in the area they cover. The transmission system from the earth station to the satellite via the uplink channel is called. The system that is from it to the earth station via the channel is called a downlink.
– Frequency bands and satellite drives:
The satellite frequency bands commonly used for communication are C-band, Ku-band, and Ka-band. C- and Ku-band are frequency spectra commonly used by today’s satellites.
It is important to note that there is an inverse relationship between frequency and wavelength, that is, when the frequency increases, the wavelength decreases which helps to understand the relationship between the antenna diameter and the transmit frequency. Large antennas (satellite dishes) are necessary to collect the signal with increasing wavelength.
– Communicate through space
Space gives us the opportunity to communicate, and perhaps the most important way to communicate today is by phone. Most telephones between continents only operate using satellites. Relays transmit and receive signals on the ground and satellites transmit them.
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Cell phones have limited ranges and it is necessary to multiply relay stations to cover communication areas. For existing cellular networks, the relays are grounded. On radio projects for intercontinental telephony, the satellites will be relays. This principle makes it possible to discover the globe, even geographically low-density areas, thanks to a true constellation of satellites, of which 48 are used worldwide in low orbit (on 8 orbital planes). They are at a distance of 1406 km from the ground. This height is chosen because there are too many satellites in the geostationary orbit and the transmission distance is short enough.
– Satellite “engines”
There are two main types of orbits, one of which is the geostationary orbit (at an altitude of 36,000 km above sea level) which is usually used by communications and meteorological satellites. We choose this type of orbit for this field because it has the same rotational speed that the Earth has and for this reason, it always flies over the same region of the world.
Another type of orbit is the low polar orbit (200 km – 1000 km) and is the preferred path for civil and military observation satellites because it sees all regions of the Earth.
– Satellite Features:
The advantages of satellite communications are as follows –
- The coverage area is too high for the ground systems.
- The transportation cost is independent of the coverage area.
- High bandwidth is possible.
– Satellite defects:
The disadvantages of satellite communications are as follows –
- Launching satellites into orbits is an expensive process.
- The bandwidth is used gradually.
- The large spread of satellite systems is lagging behind conventional Earth systems.
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In conclusion, we see that satellites play a very big role in our daily lives, especially in the field of communications, and their absence will be a major change for the inhabitants of the Earth as a whole.
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